The Valley of the Fallen: A Controversial Monument

Description

Students in this lesson will interpret written text in the target language regarding the controversy surrounding the Valley of the Fallen, compare and contrast both sides of the argument, then develop a logical argument as to whether Franco’s remains should remain at the Valley or be moved to a different location. Students will then use debate structure and expressions to debate, in a formal setting, the future of Franco’s remains.

Objectives

Students will interpret written text regarding the controversy surrounding the Valley of the Fallen.
Students will compare and contrast two sides of an argument.
Students will develop a logical argument as to whether Franco’s remains should remain at the Valley or be moved to a different location.
Students will use debate structure and expressions to debate, in a formal setting, the future of Franco’s remains.

Essential questions

Should the remains of former dictator Francisco Franco be moved from the Valley of the Fallen, a site that, because of his presence, has come to be known as a symbol of fascism?
How can debate structure and expressions be used to develop and implement a logical argument?

Key terms

motion a proposal formally made to an assembly or committee
First Proposition introduces the case (opinion/arguments) of the Proposition, defines the motion (in order to prevent any confusion), outlines case division for the Proposition team line (names of speakers / brief description of their argument), delivers arguments in support of the motion
First Opposition accepts/challenges/expands definitions (as necessary), delivers opposition’s clarifications, rebuts First Proposition’s arguments, outlines case division for the Opposition team line (names of speakers / brief description of their argument), delivers arguments opposing the motion
Second Proposition defends Proposition’s definition (if challenged), rebuts First Opposition’s arguments, defends First Proposition’s arguments (if necessary), delivers additional arguments in support of the motion
Second Opposition re-challenges definition (if already challenged), rebuts Second Proposition’s arguments, rebuts First Proposition’s arguments (if necessary), defends First Opposition’s arguments (if necessary), delivers additional arguments opposing the motion
Third Proposition defends definition (if challenged), rebuts the Opposition’s arguments, defends Proposition’s arguments (if necessary), provides quick summary of Proposition’s case
Third Opposition re-challenges definition (if challenged), rebuts the Proposition’s arguments, defends Opposition’s arguments (if necessary), provides quick summary of Opposition’s case
Proposition Reply (in a biased way) outlines one or more points of contention that the debate has centered around, evaluates the course of the debate, declares the reasoning of their team’s victory
Opposition Reply (in a biased way) outlines one or more points of contention that the debate has centered around, evaluates the course of the debate, declares the reasoning of their team’s victory

Academic summary

On April 1, 1939, the Nationalists entered the Spanish capital of Madrid and received the surrender of the Republican army. After nearly three years of conflict, the Spanish Civil War had been, for lack of better words, resolved. Emerging victorious was Francisco Franco, Generalísimo of the Nationalist faction. He immediately had the Spanish Parliament dissolved, and took over as dictator of Spain.

As a “national act of atonement”, Franco ordered the construction of the Valle de los Caídos (Valley of the Fallen) as a burial place for those who died “for Spain” during the Spanish Civil War. After over 18 years of construction, the monument was finally inaugurated on April 1, 1959. The finished memorial consists of a huge underground crypt hewn out of stone, which functions as a church maintained by Benedictine monks, and a 500-foot cross of concrete faced with stone.
Of all the remains in the Valley, only those of two people can be found inside the walls of the basilica today. One is José Antonio Primo de Rivera, founder of the Falange movement, who died on November 20, 1936. The other is Francisco Franco himself, who died exactly 39 years after, on November 20, 1975. Because of this coincidence, Franco supporters flock to the Valley on November 20 each year. To this day, fresh flowers can still be seen on Franco’s gravestone.
In October of 2007, the Franco Regime was formally condemned by the constitutional monarchy of Spain with what is known (in English) as the Historical Memory Law. This opened up discussion on the Valley of the Fallen, which had come to be known as a symbol of fascism. On November 29, 2011, the Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen was formed, with its main purpose being to advise the government on what to do with the memorial, specifically in regards to the remains of Franco.

What would the committee decide? Would Franco’s remains be moved to a different location, in an act of respect towards the fallen Republicans, some of which died constructing the monument? Or would the site be preserved as a museum, to warn future generations of the dangers of Fascism?

Materials

Phases of a Debate / Useful Expressions Handout (double-sided)
Highlighters
BBC Article, “Fate of Franco’s Valley of Fallen reopens Spain wounds”
New York Times Article, “Spain Examines Future of Fascist Monument, and Franco’s Remains”
El País Article, “A valley for all of the fallen?”
The Guardian Article, “Spain: Anger over republicans buried in Franco’s tomb”
NPR Article, “Spain To Uncover Past In ‘Valley of the Fallen’”
Debate Scoring Sheet Handout

Procedure

I. Anticipatory Set (10 min)

Present three different situations to the students: a toddler who has had his/her favorite toy taken by another child, a couple of teenage girls that are superfans of rival boy bands, and an athlete that does not agree with a referee’s call. How might these people express themselves in the given situations?
Class Discussion: Would a politician or national leader express themselves in this way? Why or why not? What are more appropriate and professional ways to express an opinion or have an argument? Brainstorm ideas on the board.

II. Body of Lesson (70 min)

Introduce the subject of formal debates. Some people debate for sport, others debate as a way of bringing attention to both sides of an issue. Some of the most famous debates are the U.S. presidential debates. This is an example of a type of debate that does not have an official winner, but is simply used to showcase two opposing opinions of the same topic.
Debate Phases/Expressions: Debates are formal, and so have a specific order and structure of events. Pass out the Phases of a Debate / Useful Expressions handout. Review as a class and clarify information as needed.
Explain to students that today in class they will be having a formal debate on an actual controversial issue. The class will be split into two sides- the Proposition and the Opposition. Each side will construct their argument as a group, then elect four speakers to represent them in the official debate.
Before Debate Activity: Hand out one of the 5 articles to each student, plus two different colored highlighters. Students should read their articles, then define the argument in one sentence at the top of the page. Afterwards, clarify what the Valley of the Fallen is, and how the issue at hand is whether to remove Franco’s body from the site or let it remain. Be sure not to delve into too many details, as this is the purpose of the debate. Students will then reread their assigned article and highlight pertinent information for each side of the argument, one color for each side.
Constructing the Argument: Split the class up into two groups. Each group should have at least one student that has received each article, so all of the information given is represented. Label one group the Proposition (for the removal of Franco’s remains) and the other the Opposition (against the removal of Franco’s remains). Give students time to meet as a group, share what they have learned from their handout, construct an argument for their side, write cue cards and elect four speakers to represent them during the debate.
The Debate: Have the eight speakers (four from each side) step forward with their Phases of a Debate / Useful Expressions handouts and debate whether Franco’s body should remain at the Valley or be moved, using the debate structure reviewed previously.
Suggestion: It would be helpful to have the Phases of Debate on the board or on a projector screen so that everyone can follow along with ease.
To involve the students spectating as well, print out the Debate Scoring Sheet for them to complete during the debate.

III. Closure (10 min)

Recap: In your opinion, do you believe that the Valley of the Fallen is a positive or negative symbol? Should Franco’s body be moved? Take a class vote.
Note: If the Debate Scoring Sheet was used, you can also add up the scores at this time in order to determine a peer-voted winner.
Homework: The Valley of the Fallen is not the only controversial monument in existence. Research other controversial monuments from around the world. Pick one and write two 3-paragraph essays about it, with supporting details- one from the standpoint that it is a positive symbol, and the other from the standpoint that it is a negative symbol.

Extension

On tour: The Valley of the Fallen, El Escorial

In 2011, a committee was given five months to decide what to do with the Valley of the Fallen. Before this time, there were no plaques of commemoration for anyone other than Francisco Franco and José Antonio Primo de Rivera on site, and no information available for visitors regarding the site’s history. Examine the site at the time of your trip. Does it appear that any measures have been taken to transform the monument from a glorification of the Franco regime to a historical place meant to educate people about the dangers of fascism?