Renaissance Rome: Michelangelo: Last Judgement

Introduction

Description

Through the investigation of primary and secondary sources, students in this lesson will identify, understand and be able to explain the story behind the painting of the Last Judgment by Michelangelo, the techniques used by the artist to paint the masterpiece and how he used different shading, tones and images to convey his message of fear and dread.

Subjects

Art, Art History, World History, European History

Grade Level

11-12

Duration

90 minutes

Tour Links

• Vatican
• Sistine Chapel

Essential Questions

• Who was Michelangelo? Why was he commissioned to paint the Last Judgment?
• What techniques did Michelangelo use to paint the Last Judgment?
• What message does the Last Judgment try to convey to its viewers?  
• Was Michelangelo successful in articulating his message to the public? 
• How did the community receive the fresco?

Key Terms

• Last Judgment
• Michelangelo
• Reformation
• Renaissance
• Perspective
• Pope Paul III
• Sistine Chapel

Academic Summary

On 31 October 1541, after almost five years of work, 66-year-old Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (commonly known simply as Michelangelo) unveiled his masterpiece The Last Judgment to his patron Pope Paul III and to the crowd who had gathered inside the Sistine Chapel.  Many of the onlookers were stunned when they gazed upon the wall behind the altar.  This fresco wasn’t like Michelangelo’s famous panels on the ceiling depicting scenes from Genesis and the creation of man, completed by Michelangelo decades earlier in the same building, but instead the Last Judgment was dark, emotional and even a little frightening.  The entrance to Hell seemed to jump off of the wall.  One could almost sense the misery evident on the faces of the damned as they descended towards the abyss.  The central figure, Christ himself, seemed more like an emperor than a shepherd as with a gesture of his arms he damns a large part of humanity… and then there was the nudity.  Michelangelo had painted everyone naked, including Jesus and the Virgin Mary (these images were later repainted with loincloths or clothes by Michelangelo’s student Daniele da Volterra).  According to contemporary sources, Biagio da Cesena, the Pope’s master of ceremonies, complained that the images were not appropriate for a papal chapel, but rather for “taverns and inns.”  In the tradition of many Renaissance paintings and frescoes, many of the figures in the Last Judgment were strongly based on the major figures of the time, including Pope Paul III (as St. Peter holding the Keys to Heaven), Cesna (as Minos, the mythical Greek judge of the dead in Hades) and even Michelangelo himself (as the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew).  There may even be some reference to the Reformation, the then current battle over religion raging across Europe, in the faces of the damned.  Considered a masterpiece ever since and by some to be the artist’s finest painting, Michelangelo’s Last Judgment dominates the wall of the chapel and evokes a range of emotions regardless of perspective.

Through the investigation of primary and secondary sources, students in this lesson will identify, understand and be able to explain the story behind the painting of the Last Judgment by Michelangelo, the techniques used by the artist to paint the masterpiece and how he used different shading, tones and images to convey his message of fear and dread.

Procedure

I. Anticipatory Set

• Writing / Question: How can artists used their works to convey a message? (5 min)
• Handouts – Copies of documents and readings from the websites listed (5 min)

II. Body of Lesson

• Lecture / PPT – Paintings in the Sistine Chapel
• Independent Activity – Students read the articles and sources on Michelangelo and the Last Judgment, taking notes as appropriate. (30 min)
• Suggestion: Have the students read some of these articles and sources for homework before class.
• Group Activity – Socratic Seminar: Michelangelo and the Last Judgment (15 min)

III. Closure

• Assessment – Essay: Explain in detail the message Michelangelo tried to convey through the images of the Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel and whether or not he was successful.

Extension

On tour: Vatican – St. Peter’s Basilica

While on tour, you will visit the Vatican. Just inside St. Peter’s Basilica is one of the most famous statues in the world: Michelangelo’s Pieta. This work of art depicts Jesus on the lap of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion. The Pieta now sits behind bulletproof glass after an attack in 1972. This is the only sculpture Michelangelo ever signed (on the sash running across Mary’s chest). See if the students can find the signature.